Stephen Cass, MD, MPH/MSPH

Recognitions

• Recognized as Top Neurotologist, 5280 Magazine (2019)
  Also awarded in 2016, 2017, 2018
• Professor of the Year, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology (2013)
  Also awarded 2000, 2009

Publications

• Kalmanson O, Olson M, Ovard O, Freeman L, Ung TH, Hogan E, Cass S, Youssef AS, Gubbels S. Factors Affecting Speech Discrimination After Vestibular Schwannoma Resection. Otol Neurotol. 2024 Sep 1;45(8):e595-e601. PubMed PMID: 39010263
• 90) Chabuz CA, Gonzalez J, Rodriguez K, Banakis Hartl RM, Cass, SP, Greene NT. Characterization of Tip Fold-Over Using Fluoroscopy and Intracochlear Pressure in Cadaver Specimens. Laryngoscope, 24-Dec-2024; https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.31977
• Lee NK, Cass SP, Gubbels SP, Gomez HZ, Scholes MA, Jenkins H, Santos-Cortez R. Novel Candidate Genes for Cholesteatoma in Chronic Otitis Media. Front Genet 2023 Jan 9:13:103396PMID: 36699445, PMCID: PMC9868167, DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1033965
• Elling Christina L., Scholes Melissa A., Streubel Sven-Olrik, Larson Eric D., Wine Todd M., Bootpetch Tori C., Yoon Patricia J., Kofonow Jennifer M., Gubbels Samuel P., Cass Stephen P., Robertson Charles E., Jenkins Herman A., Prager Jeremy D., Frank Daniel N., Chan Kenny H., Friedman Norman R., Ryan Allen F., Santos-Cortez Regie Lyn P. The FUT2 Variant c.461G>A (p.Trp154*) Is Associated With Differentially Expressed Genes and Nasopharyngeal Microbiota Shifts in Patients With Otitis Media. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology Vol 11, 2022. DOI=10.3389/fcimb.2021.798246 ISSN=2235-2988
• Martinez-Perez R, Kunigelis KE, Ward RC, Ung TH, Arnone GD, Cass SP, Gubbels SP, Youssef AS. Hydroxyapatite cement cranioplasty for reconstruction of translabyrinthine approach: aesthetic results, long-term satisfaction, quality of life, and complications. Acta Neurochirurgica 2022
• Mann SE, Hollis J, Frederics T, Watters A, Oakes J, Cass SP, Mehler PS. Transient patulous eustachian tube in severe anorexia nervosa: A prospective observational study. Laryngoscope Investigative: 04 July 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.846
• Lee NK, Cass SP, Gubbels SP, Gomez HZ, Scholes MA, Jenkins H, Santos-Cortez R. Novel Candidate Genes for Cholesteatoma in Chronic Otitis Media. Frontiers in Genetics, section Genetics of Common and Rare Diseases, Accepted for publication Dec 2022
• Hall, Courtney D.; Herdman, Susan J.; Whitney, Susan L.; Anson, Eric R.; Carender, Wendy J.; Hoppes, Carrie W.; Cass, Stephen P.; Christy, Jennifer B.; Cohen, Helen S.; Fife, Terry D.; Furman, Joseph M.; Shepard, Neil T.; Clendaniel, Richard A.; Dishman, J. Donald; Goebel, Joel A.; Meldrum, Dara; Ryan, Cynthia; Wallace, Richard L.; Woodward, Nakia J. Less. Vestibular Rehabilitation for Peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction: An Updated Clinical Practice Guideline from the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. JNPT 2022 Vol 46, Issue 2.
• ENT Secrets Chapter 44- Facial Nerve Disorders, Aug 13, 2022
• ENT Secrets Chapter 45- Surgery for Vertigo, Aug 13, 2022
• 52) Stephen P Cass, M.D. and Oliva A Kalmanson, M.D. Chapter 48: Paraganglioma: Section VIII: Jugular Foramen Region. Contemporary Skull Base Surgery: A Comprehensive Guide for Functional Preservation. Springer Nature Switzerland AG Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland. 2022 Edition. ISBN-13: 978-3030993207.
• Labib MA, Inoue M, Banakis Hartl RM, Cass SP, Gubbels S, Lawton MT, AS Youssef. Impact of vestibular nerve preservation on facial and hearing outcomes in small vestibular schwannoma surgery: a technical feasibility study. Acta Neurochirurgica, vol 163: 2219,2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-020-04678-y
• Martinez-Perez R, Kunigelis KE, Ward RC, Ung TH, Arnone GD, Cass SP, Gubbels SP, Youssef AS. Hydroxyapatite cement cranioplasty for reconstruction of translabyrinthine approach: aesthetic results, long-term satisfaction, quality of life, and complications. Acta Neurochirurgica (2021)
• Courtney D.; Herdman, Susan J.; Whitney, Susan L.; Anson, Eric R.; Carender, Wendy J.; Hoppes, Carrie W.; Cass, Stephen P.; Christy, Jennifer B.; Cohen, Helen S.; Fife, Terry D.; Furman, Joseph M.; Shepard, Neil T.; Clendaniel, Richard A.; Dishman, J. Donald; Goebel, Joel A.; Meldrum, Dara; Ryan, Cynthia; Wallace, Richard L.; Woodward, Nakia J. Less. Vestibular Rehabilitation for Peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction: An Updated Clinical Practice Guideline from the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. DOI: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000382 JNPT 2021
• Yoon PJ, Sumalde AAM, Ray DC, Newton S, Cass SP, Chan KH, Santos-Cortez RLP. Novel Variants in Hearing Loss Genes and Associations With Audiometric Thresholds in a Multi-ethnic Cohort of US Patients With Cochlear Implants. Otol Neurotol. 2020 Aug;41(7):978-985. PubMed PMID: 32658404
• Gonzalez JR, Cass ND, Banakis Hartl RM, Peacock J, Cass SP, Greene NT. Characterizing Insertion Pressure Profiles During Cochlear Implantation: Simultaneous Fluoroscopy and Intracochlear Pressure Measurements. Otol Neurotol. 2020 Jan;41(1):e46-e54. PubMed PMID: 31613835
• Baschal EE, Larson ED, Roberts BTD, Pathak S, Frank G, Handley E, Dinwiddie J, Moloney M, Yoon PJ, Gubbels SP, Scholes MA, Cass SP, Jenkins HA, Frank DN, Yang IV, Schwartz DA, Ramakrishnan V, Santos-Cortez RLP. Identification of Novel Genes and Biological Pathways that Overlap in Infectious and Non-Allergic Diseases of the Upper and Lower Airways Using Network Analyses. Frontiers in Genetics, Section Genetic Disorders, Vol 10, 2020.URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2019.01352 DOI=10.3389/fgene.2019.0135
• Labib MA, Inoue M, Banakis Hartl RM, Cass SP, Gubbels S, Lawton MT, AS Youssef. Impact of vestibular nerve preservation on facial and hearing outcomes in small vestibular schwannoma surgery: a technical feasibility study. Acta Neurochirurgica 2020; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-020-04678-y
• Bootpetch TC, Santos-Cortez RLP et al Multigenomic Studies on Missense PLG Variants in Families with Otitis Media", Sci Rep. 2020 Sep 14;10(1):15035. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70498-w
• Youssef AS, Arnone G, Farrell, N, Thompson J, Ramakrishnan V, Gubbels S ,Cohen-Gadol A, Cass S, Labib M. The Combined Endoscopic Endonasal Far Medial and Open Postauricular Transtemporal Approaches As a Lesser Invasive Approach to the Jugular Foramen: Anatomic Morphometric Study With Case Illustration. Operative Neurosurgery 2020. 19. 10.1093/ons/opaa080.
• Gonzalez JR, Cass ND, Banakis Hartl RM, Peacock J, Cass SP, Greene NT. Characterizing Insertion Pressure Profiles During Cochlear Implantation: Simultaneous Fluoroscopy and Intracochlear Pressure Measurements. Otol Neurotol. 2020 Jan;41(1):e46-e54. PubMed PMID: 31613835
• Chatzimichalis M, Epprecht L, Weder S, Shaul C, Engle Folchert KJ, Machala MC, Goosmann MM, Naville M, Zhu A, Röösli C, Lee DJ, Cass SP, Briggs R, Huber AM, Bächinger D. English translation and validation of the Zurich chronic middle ear inventory (ZCMEI-21-E) assessing quality of life in chronic otitis media: A prospective international multicentre study. Clin Otolaryngol. 2019 May;44(3):254-262. PubMed PMID: 30588758
• Aref M, Kunigelis K, Cass SP, Youssef AS. Retrosigmoid Approach for Vestibular Schwannoma. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2019 Jun;80(Suppl 3):S271. PubMed PMID: 31143585
• Schwartz SR, Almosnino G, Noonan KY, Banakis Hartl RM, Zeitler DM, Saunders JE, Cass SP. Comparison of Transmastoid and Middle Fossa Approaches for Superior Canal Dehiscence Repair: A Multi-institutional Study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019 Jul;161(1):130-136. PubMed PMID: 30832543
• Baschal EE, Larson ED, Bootpetch Roberts TC, Pathak S, Frank G, Handley E, Dinwiddie J, Moloney M, Yoon PJ, Gubbels SP, Scholes MA, Cass SP, Jenkins HA, Frank DN, Yang IV, Schwartz DA, Ramakrishnan VR, Santos-Cortez RLP. Identification of Novel Genes and Biological Pathways That Overlap in Infectious and Nonallergic Diseases of the Upper and Lower Airways Using Network Analyses. Front Genet. 2019;10:1352. PubMed PMID: 32010199
• Mattingly JK, Banakis Hartl RM, Jenkins HA, Tollin DJ, Cass SP, Greene NT. A Comparison of Intracochlear Pressures During Ipsilateral and Contralateral Stimulation With a Bone Conduction Implant. Ear Hear. 2019 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 31389846
• Cass ND, Patten L, Cass SP. Collagen Allografts Compared With Autologous Tissue in Tympanoplasty. Otol Neurotol. 2019 Jul;40(6):767-771. PubMed PMID: 31192903
• Larson ED, Magno JPM, Steritz MJ, Llanes EGDV, Cardwell J, Pedro M, Roberts TB, Einarsdottir E, Rosanes RAQ, Greenlee C, Santos RAP, Yousaf A, Streubel SO, Santos ATR, Ruiz AG, Lagrana-Villagracia SM, Ray D, Yarza TKL, Scholes MA, Anderson CB, Acharya A, Gubbels SP, Bamshad MJ, Cass SP, Lee NR, Shaikh RS, Nickerson DA, Mohlke KL, Prager JD, Cruz TLG, Yoon PJ, Abes GT, Schwartz DA, Chan AL, Wine TM, Cutiongco-de la Paz EM, Friedman N, Kechris K, Kere J, Leal SM, Yang IV, Patel JA, Tantoco MLC, Riazuddin S, Chan KH, Mattila PS, Reyes-Quintos MRT, Ahmed ZM, Jenkins HA, Chonmaitree T, Hafrén L, Chiong CM, Santos-Cortez RLP. A2ML1 and otitis media: novel variants, differential expression, and relevant pathways. Hum Mutat. 2019 Aug;40(8):1156-1171. PubMed PMID: 31009165
• Maxwell AK, Cass SP. Cochlear Implant Receiver-Stimulator Migration Using the Subperiosteal Pocket Technique: Objective Measurements of Early and Late Positioning. Otol Neurotol. 2019 Mar;40(3):328-334. PubMed PMID: 30742594
• Schwartz SR, Almosnino G, Noonan KY, Banakis Hartl RM, Zeitler DM, Saunders JE, Cass SP Comparison of Transmastoid and Middle Fossa Approaches for Superior Canal Dehiscence Repair: A Multi-institutional Study Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Volume 161, Issue July 2019, https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599819835173
• Marinelli JP, Cass SP, Mann SE, Haynes DS, Hunter JB, Isaacson B, Sweeney AD, Pelosi S, Willcox TO, O'Connell BP, Rivera M, Lane JI, Carlson ML. Adenomatous Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Middle Ear: A Multi-institutional Investigation of 32 Cases and Development of a Staging System. Otol Neurotol. 2018 Sep;39(8):e712-e721. PubMed PMID: 30001283
• Santos-Cortez RLP, Chiong CM, Frank DN, Ryan AF, Giese APJ, Bootpetch Roberts T, Daly KA, Steritz MJ, Szeremeta W, Pedro M, Pine H, Yarza TKL, Scholes MA, Llanes EGDV, Yousaf S, Friedman N, Tantoco MLC, Wine TM, Labra PJ, Benoit J, Ruiz AG, de la Cruz RAR, Greenlee C, Yousaf A, Cardwell J, Nonato RMA, Ray D, Ong KMC, So E, Robertson CE, Dinwiddie J, Lagrana-Villagracia SM, Gubbels SP, Shaikh RS, Cass SP, Einarsdottir E, Lee NR, Schwartz DA, Gloria-Cruz TLI, Bamshad MJ, Yang IV, Kere J, Abes GT, Prager JD, Riazuddin S, Chan AL, Yoon PJ, Nickerson DA, Cutiongco-de la Paz EM, Streubel SO, Reyes-Quintos MRT, Jenkins HA, Mattila P, Chan KH, Mohlke KL, Leal SM, Hafrén L, Chonmaitree T, Sale MM, Ahmed ZM. FUT2 Variants Confer Susceptibility to Familial Otitis Media. Am J Hum Genet. 2018 Nov 1;103(5):679-690. PubMed PMID: 30401457
• Banakis Hartl RM, Cass SP. Effectiveness of Transmastoid Plugging for Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 Mar;158(3):534-540. PubMed PMID: 29313443
• Banakis Hartl RM, Greene NT, Jenkins HA, Cass SP, Tollin DJ. Lateral Semicircular Canal Pressures During Cochlear Implant Electrode Insertion: a Possible Mechanism for Postoperative Vestibular Loss. Otol Neurotol. 2018 Jul;39(6):755-764. PubMed PMID: 29889786
• Santos-Cortez RLP, Chiong CM, Frank DN, Ryan AF, Giese APJ, Bootpetch Roberts T, Daly KA, Steritz MJ, Szeremeta W, Pedro M, Pine H, Yarza TKL, Scholes MA, Llanes EGDV, Yousaf S, Friedman N, Tantoco MLC, Wine TM, Labra PJ, Benoit J, Ruiz AG, de la Cruz RAR, Greenlee C, Yousaf A, Cardwell J, Nonato RMA, Ray D, Ong KMC, So E, Robertson CE, Dinwiddie J, Lagrana-Villagracia SM; University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics (UWCMG), Gubbels SP, Shaikh RS, Cass SP, Einarsdottir E, Lee NR, Schwartz DA, Gloria-Cruz TLI, Bamshad MJ, Yang IV, Kere J, Abes GT, Prager JD, Riazuddin S, Chan AL, Yoon PJ, Nickerson DA, Cutiongco-de la Paz EM, Streubel SO, Reyes-Quintos MRT, Jenkins HA, Mattila P, Chan KH, Mohlke KL, Leal SM, Hafrén L, Chonmaitree T, Sale MM, Ahmed ZM. FUT2 Variants Confer Susceptibility to Familial Otitis Media. Am J Hum Genet. 2018 Nov 1;103(5):679-690. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.010. Epub 2018 Oct 25. PMID:30401457
• Marinelli JP, Cass SP, Mann SE, Haynes DS, Hunter JB, Isaacson B, Sweeney AD, Pelosi S, Willcox TO, O'Connell BP, Rivera M, Lane JI, Carlson ML. Adenomatous Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Middle Ear: A Multi-institutional Investigation of 32 Cases and Development of a Staging System. Otol Neurotol. 2018 Sep;39(8):e712-e721. PMID:30001283
• Banakis Hartl RM, Greene NT, Jenkins HA, Cass SP, Tollin DJ. Lateral Semicircular Canal Pressures during Cochlear Implant Electrode Insertion: a Possible Mechanism for Postoperative Vestibular Loss.Otol Neurotol. 2018 Jul;39(6):755-764.PMID:29889786
• Banakis Hartl RM, Cass SP. Effectiveness of Transmastoid Plugging for Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 Mar;158 (3):534-540. doi: 10.1177/0194599817751092. Epub 2018 Jan 9. PMID:29313443
• Vestibular Disorders in Older People. Jameson K Mattingly, Stephen P Cass In: Decision Making in Otolaryngology, Jaypee Medical Publishers; 2018
• Facial Nerve Decompression in Master Techniques in Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery: Otology, Neurotology, and Lateral Skull Base Surgery, eds. Roland, JT and Myer, EM. Wolters Kluwer Publisher. 2018
• Chang CY, Cass SP. Stereotactic Radiosurgery. In Myers EN (eds). Operative Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2nd Edition. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. 2018.
• Farrell NF, Banakis Hartl RM, Benichoux V, Brown AD, Cass SP, Tollin DJ. Intracochlear Measurements of Interaural Time and Level Differences Conveyed by Bilateral Bone Conduction Systems. Otol Neurotol. 2017 Dec;38(10):1476-1483. PubMed PMID: 29084088
• Alhussaini MA, Mattingly JK, Cass SP. Anatomical Relationship of the Middle Cranial Fossa Dura to Surface Landmarks of the Temporal Bone. Otol Neurotol. 2017 Oct;38(9):1351-1354. PubMed PMID: 28796089
• Maxwell AK, Banakis Hartl RM, Greene NT, Benichoux V, Mattingly JK, Cass SP, Tollin DJ. Semicircular Canal Pressure Changes During High-intensity Acoustic Stimulation. Otol Neurotol. 2017 Aug;38(7):1043-1051. PubMed PMID: 28570420
• Chan KH, Gao D, Jensen EL, Allen GC, Cass SP. Complications and parent satisfaction in pediatric osseointegrated bone-conduction hearing implants. Laryngoscope. 2017 Sep;127(9):2165-2170. PubMed PMID: 28092097
• Hall CD, Herdman SJ, Whitney SL, Cass SP, Clendaniel RA, Fife T, Furman JM, ; Goebel J, Shepard NA, ; Woodhouse S. Vestibular Rehabilitation for Peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction: Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, vol 40, April 2016
• Banakis Hartl RM, Mattingly JK, Greene NT, Jenkins HA, Cass SP, and Tollin DJ. A preliminary investigation of the air-bone gap: Changes in intracochlear sound pressure with air- and bone-conducted stimuli after cochlear implantation. Otology and Neurotology 37(9):1291-1299, October 2016
• Mattingly, JK, Uhler, K, Cass, SP. Air-Bone Gaps Contribute to Functional Hearing Preservation in Cochlear Implantation. Otology and Neurology 37(9):1255-1262, October 2016
• Greene N, Banakis R, Mattingly JK, Tolin D, Cass, SP. Intracochlear Pressure Transients during Cochlear Implant Insertion. Otology and Neurotology 37(10):1541-1548, December 2016
• Mattingly JK, Portnuff CDF, Hondorp BM, Cass SP. Sudden Bilateral Hearing Loss following Cervical and Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMPs). Otology and Neurotology, 36(6):961-964, July 2015
• Mattingly JK, Green NT, Jenkins, HA, Tollin DJ, Easter JR , Cass SP. Effects of Skin Thickness on Cochlear Input Signal using Transcutaneous Bone Conduction Implants. Otology and Neurotology, 36(8):1403-1411, September 2015
• Greene NT Mattingly JM, , Jenkins, H, Tollin DJ, Easter JR, Cass SP. Cochlear implant electrode effect on sound energy transfer within the cochlea during acoustic stimulation. Otology and Neurotology, 36(9):1554-1561, October 2015
• Cass SP. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. ACP Smart Medicine. http://smartmedicine.acponline.org/content.aspx?gbosId=211 . January 23, 2015. doi 10.7326/d310.
• Cass SP, Mudd ,P. Tumors of the ear and temporal bone. In Charles D. Bluestone, Sylvan E. Stool, Margaret Kenna (eds): Pediatric Otolaryngology, 4th Edition , 2013.
• Cass SP, Tringali S. Surgical Placement of Bone-Anchored Hearing Systems. eMedicine from WebMD. Updated June 26, 2012. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1604065-overview.
• Barman, S, M., Sugiyama, Y., Suzuki, T., Cotter, L.A., DeStefino, V.J., Reighard, D.A., Cass, S.P., andYates, B.J. Rhythmic activity of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of conscious cats: effect of removal of vestibular inputs. Am. J. Physiol. 301: R937-R946, 2011.
• Furman JM, Cass SP, Whitney S. Vestibular Disorders: A Case-Study Approach. Third Edition. Oxford University Press , NY, NY, 2010.
• Cass S.P., Mudd P. Bone Anchored Hearing Systems. Operative Otolaryngology. Volume 21, Issue 3, September 2010
• Tringali S, Cass SP. Bone anchored hearing system. EMedicine. 2010.
• Cass SP, Mudd ,P. Tumors of the ear and temporal bone. In Charles D. Bluestone, Sylvan E. Stool, Margaret Kenna (eds): Pediatric Otolaryngology, 4th Edition , 2010.
• Mattingly JK, Portnuff CDF, Hondorp BM, Cass SP. Sudden Bilateral Hearing Loss following Cervical and Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMPs). Otology and Neurotology
• Jameson K. Mattingly, Nathaniel T. Green, Herman A. Jenkins, Daniel J. Tollin, James R. Easter , Stephen P. Cass. Effects of Skin Thickness on Cochlear Input Signal using TranscutaneousBone Conduction Implants. Otology and Neurotology
• Authors: Hall CD, Herdman SJ,Whitney SL, Cass SP, Clendaniel RA, Fife T, FurmanJM, ; Goebel J, Shepard NA, ; Woodhouse S. Vestibular Rehabilitation for Peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction: Clinical Practice Guidelines. Submitted and in review, Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, May 2015

Professional Memberships

• American Academy of Otolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery, Member
• American Otologic Society, Member
• American Neurotologic Society, Member

Practice Locations

• University of Colorado Hospital
• Children's Hospital Colorado
• Denver Health Medical Center
• Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Specialty Information

• Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Board Certification (1988)
• Otology & Neurotology, Board Certification (2004, 2010)
• Cochlear Implants, Specialized Training (0001)
• Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma and glomus jugulare, Certificate (1999)
• Bone obliteration Tympanomastoid surgery for cholesteatoma, Specialized Training (2017)

• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT)
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Ear Infection
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Eardrum Perforation
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Hearing Loss
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Facial Paralysis
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Skull Base Tumors
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Acoustic Neuromas
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Cochlear Implants
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Osseointegrated Devices
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Dizziness and Vertigo
• Symptoms and Manifestations
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Tinnitus
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Cholesteatoma
• Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) - Chronic ear disease