Tomas Berl, MD

Professor Emeritus, Medicine


FacultyPhoto
Medical School
  • MD, New York University School of Medicine (1968)
Undergraduate School
  • BS, University of Maryland–College Park (1964)
Internship
  • Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center Program (1969)
Residencies
  • Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center Program, Internal Medicine (1970)
  • University of California (San Francisco) School of Medicine Program, Internal Medicine (1971)
Fellowships
  • University of California (San Francisco) Program, Nephrology (1972)
  • University of Colorado (University Hospital) Program, Nephrology (1973)
Languages
English
Department
Medicine

Recognitions

  • Top Doctor, US News & World Report (2011)

Publications

  • Capasso J, Rivard C, Berl T. The synthesis of the Na/K-ATPase ? subunit is regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels in Inner Medullary Collecting Duct (IMCD3) cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005 Jan;288(1):F76-F81.
  • Berl T, Hunsicker L, Lewis J. et al. Impact of Achieved blood pressure on cardiovascular outcomes in the irbesartan diabetic nephropathy trial. JASN 16:2170-2179, 2005
  • Taylor J and Berl T, Disorders of Water Balance in Critical Care. E. Abraham. editor. Textbook of Critical Care. 5th Edition. 128: 1085-1096, 2005
  • Berl T and Schrier R, The patient with Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia. Manual of Nephrology, 6th Edititon. In Press
  • Howard C and Berl T. Disorders of Water Balance. Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Nephrology and Hypertension, Chapter 2. Editor. Edgar Lerma. In Press
  • Berl T and Henrich W, Kidney-Heart Interactions: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. CJASN 1:8-18, 2006
  • Berl T, Ed American Society of Nephrology Renal Research Report, JASN 16:1886, 2005
  • Berl T, Presidential Address, JASN 17 In Press
  • Schulman G, Agarwal R, Acharya M, Berl T, Blumenthal S, Kopyt N. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of AST-120 (Kremezin) in patients with moderate to severe CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 47:565-77, 2006
  • Capasso JM, Rivard CJ, Berl T: Silencing and overexpression of the gamma-subunit of Na-K-ATPase directly affect survival of IMCD3 cells in response to hypertonic stress. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 291:F1142-1147, 2006
  • Schrier RW, Gross P, Gheorghiade M, Berl T et al.: Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 355:2099-2112, 2006
  • Jiménez C, Cossío B, Rivard C, Berl T and Capasso J: Cell division in the unicellular microalga Dunaliella viridis depends on phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). J of Exeperimental Botany 2007; doi:10.1093/jxb/erl260
  • Rivard C, Lewis B, Almeida N, Maunsbach A, Pihakaski-Maunsbach K, Andres-Hernando A, Capasso J, Berl T: Expression of the calcium binding protein S100A4 is markedly upregulated by osmotic stress and is involved in the renal osmoadaptive response. J Biol Chem. In press, 2007.
  • Berl T and Henrich W, Kidney-Heart Interactions: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. CJASN 1:8-18, 2006
  • Howard C and Berl T. Disorders of Water Balance. Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Nephrology and Hypertension, Chapter 2. Editor. Edgar Lerma. In Press
  • Berl T, Teitelbaum I: Nephrology In The Internal Medicine Casebook 3rd (ed), Robert W. Schrier ed, Lippincott,William and Wilkinson. In press.
  • Berl T, American Society of Nephrology Presidential Address 2005, JASN 17: 926-931, 2006
  • Chonchol M and Berl T: Fisiologia del Agua y Sodio. In Ayus, Caramelo and Tejedor eds. Agua, Electrolitos y equilibrio acido-base. Panamericana, 2007.
  • Parikh, C, Berl T. Disorders of water metabolism. In Johnson R, Freehally J, Floege J (eds): Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. London, Mosby Int, 2007.
  • Thurman J, and Berl T: Therapy of Dysnatremic Disorders. In, Wilcox CS (eds): Therapy in Nephrology and Hypertension,, 3rd Ed. Elsevier, 2008 in press.
  • Verbalis J and Berl T, Pathophysiology of Water Metabolism. In The Kidney. R. Brenner 8/e, Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2007.
  • Thurman J and Berl T: Disorders of osmolality and water balance. In, Singh, Sayegh, Suki, and Massry (eds): Suki & Massry?s Therapy of Renal Diseases and Related Disorders, 4th ed. Springer, 2008 in press.
  • Berl T and Schrier RW: Vasopressin Antagonists in Physiology and Disease. In Singh AJ and Williams GH (eds): Textbook of Nephro-Endocrinology. Elsevier, 2008 in press.
  • Ellison D, Berl T: The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis. N Engl J Med 356:2064-2072, 2007
  • Berl T, Treatment of the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Section and the Emergence of Vasopressin antagonists for Hyponatremic Disorders. Brigham and Women?s Hospital, Nephrology Rounds Vol. 5, Issue 5, 2007.
  • Qunibi W, Henrich W and Berl T. Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic renal disease. ACP Medicine, September 2007.
  • Berl T. The Adrogue-Madias formula revisited. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2: 1098-1099, 2007.
  • Berl T. Impact of solute intake on urine flow and water excretion. JASN. In press 2008.
  • Kumar S and Berl T. Vasopressin Antagonists in the Treatment of Water Retaining Disorders. Seminars in Nephrology. In press.
  • Rivard C, Lewis B, Almeida N, Maunsbach A, Pihakaski-Maunsbach K, Andres-Hernando A, Capasso J, Berl T: Expression of the calcium binding protein S100A4 is markedly upregulated by osmotic stress and is involved in the renal osmoadaptive response. J Biol Chem 282:6644-6652, 2007
  • Feringa HH, Karagiannis SE, Chonchol M, Vidakovic R, Noordzij PG, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Welten G, Schouten O, Bax JJ, Berl T, Poldermans D. Lower Progression Rate of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease Using Statins or Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007.
  • Maahs DM, Ogden LG, Kretowski A, Snell-Bergeon JK, Kinney GL, Berl T, Rewers M. Serum cystatin C predicts progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes, 56: 2774-2779, 2007.
  • Lanaspa, M.A., Almeida, N.E., Andres-Hernando, A., Rivard, C.J., Capasso, J.M., and Berl T. The tight junction-related protein, MUPP1, is up-regulated by hypertonicity and is important in the osmotic stress response in kidney cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104:13672-13677, 2007.
  • Chonchol MB, Aboyans V, Lacroix P, Smits G, Berl T, Laskar M. Long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting: preoperative kidney function is prognostic. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 134:683-9, 2007.
  • Andres-Hemando, A., Lanaspa, M.A., Rivard, C.J., Berl, T., Nucleoporin 88 (Nup88) is regulated by hypertonic stress in kidney cells to retain the transcription factor TonEBP in the nucleus. J Biol Chem, 283:25082-90, 2008.
  • Lanaspa, MA, Andres-Hernando, Rivard, CJ, Dai, Y, and Berl T. Hypertonic stress increases claudin-4 expression and tight junction integrity in assocation with MUPP1 in IMCD3 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 105:15797-15802, 2008.
  • Hurly, L., Kempe, A., Crane ,L., Davidson, A., Pratte, K., Linas, S., Berl, T., Care of Undocumented Invididuals with ERSD: A national survery of US Nephrologists. AJKD. In press, 2009.
  • Thurman J, and Berl T: Therapy of Dysnatremic Disorders. In, Wilcox CS (eds) Berl T (associate editor): Therapy in Nephrology and Hypertension,, 3rd Ed. Saunders Elsever:337-352, 2008.
  • Berl T, Schrier RW. Vasopressin Antagonist in Physiology and Disease. In: Singh A, Williams G, eds. Textbook of Nephro-Endocrinology. San Diego: Elsevier; 2009:249-60.
  • Howard C, Berl T. Disorders of Extracellular Volume: Hypovolemia and Hypervolemia. In: Lerma E, Berns J, Nissenson A, eds. Current Diagnosis and Treatment: Nephrology and Hypertension. New York: McGraw Hill; 2009:22-31.
  • Thurman J and Berl T: Disorders of osmolality and water balance. In, Singh, Sayegh, Suki, and Massry (eds): Suki & Massry’s Therapy of Renal Diseases and Related Disorders, 4th ed. Springer, 2009 in press.
  • Berl T. Impact of solute intake on urine flow and water excretion. J Am Soc Nephrol, 6:1076-8, 2008.
  • Kumar S and Berl T. Vasopressin Antagonists in the Treatment of Water Retaining Disorders. Seminars in Nephrology. Vol. 28: 279-288, 2008.
  • Berl T. Maximizing Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System with High Doses of Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. NDT, 8:2243-7, 2008.
  • Berl T. How do kidney cells adapt to survive in the hypertonic inner medulla? Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. In press, 2009.
  • Berl T. Renal protection by inhibition of the renin-agiotensn-aldosterone system. JRAAS. In press, 2009.
  • Berl T. Commentary on Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders. NephSAP. 8:1-4, In press, March 2009
  • Hurley, L., Kempe, A., Crane ,L., Davidson, A., Pratte, K., Linas, S., Berl, T., Care of Undocumented Invididuals with ERSD: A national survery of US Nephrologists. AJKD. 53(6): 940-9, 2009.
  • Lanaspa MA, Andres-Hernando A, Rivard CJ, Dai Y, Li N, Berl, T. ZAC1 is up-regulated by hypertonicity and decreases sorbitol dehdrogenase expression allowing accumulation of sorbitol in kidney cells. J Biol Chem. 284:19974-19981, 2009.
  • Jimenez C, Capasso JM, Edelstein CL, Rivard CJ, Lucia S, Breusegem S, Berl T, Segovia M. Different ways to die: cell death modes of the unicellular chlorophyte Dunaliella viridis exposed to various environmental stresses are mediated by the caspase-like activity DEVDase. J Exp Bot. 60(3): 815-28, 2009
  • Berl T, Quittnat-Pelletier F, Verbalis J, et al. Safety and efficacy of oral Tolvaptan therapy in chronic hyponatremia. J American Society of Nephrology. In press, 2010.
  • Ronco C, McCullough P, Anker SD, Anand I, Aspromonte N, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Berl T, et al. Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative. Eur Heart J, 2009
  • Maahs D, Snell-Bergeon J, Hokanson J, Kinney G, Berl T, et al. Relationship between cystatin C and coronary artery atherosclerosis progression differs by type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther, 12(1): 25-33, 2009.
  • Berl T, Schrier RW. Vasopressin Antagonist in Physiology and Disease. In: Singh A, Williams G, eds. Textbook of Nephro-Endocrinology. San Diego: Elsevier; 2009:249-60.
  • Howard C, Berl T. Disorders of Extracellular Volume: Hypovolemia and Hypervolemia. In: Lerma E, Berns J, Nissenson A, eds. Current Diagnosis and Treatment: Nephrology and Hypertension. New York: McGraw Hill; 2009:22-31.
  • Thurman J and Berl T: Disorders of osmolality and water balance. In, Singh, Sayegh, Suki, and Massry (eds): Suki & Massry’s Therapy of Renal Diseases and Related Disorders, 4th ed. Springer, 2009 in press.
  • Berl T and Schrier R, The patient with Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia. Manual of Nephrology, 7th Edition. Lippicott, Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
  • Berl T and Schrier RW: Disorders of Water Balance. Renal, Chapter 1. Renal and Electrolyte Disorders, 7th Ed. Schrier (ed). Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010.
  • Parikh, C, Berl T. Disorders of water metabolism. In Johnson R, Feehally J, Floege J (eds): Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 4th Edition. London, Mosby Int. In press.
  • Berl T. How do kidney cells adapt to survive in the hypertonic inner medulla? Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 120:389-401, 2009.
  • Berl T. Review: Renal protection by inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009;10:1-8.
  • Berl T. Commentary on Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders. NephSAP. 8:1-4, March 2009
  • Berl T, Rastegar A. A patient with severe hyponatremia and hypokalemia: Osmotic demyelination following potassium repletion. (Electrolyte and acid-base teaching cases.) AJKD. In press.
  • Berl T, Quittnat-Pelletier F, Verbalis J, et al. Oral Tolvaptan in safe and effective in chronic hyponatremia. J Am Soc Nephrol 21: 705-712, 2010.
  • McCullough PA, Haapio M, Mankad S, Zamperetti N, Berl T, et al. Prevention of cardio-renal syndromes: workgroup statements from the 7th ADQI Consensus Conference. Nephrol Dial Transplant. April 6, 2010.
  • Andres-Hernando A, Lanaspa M, Li N, Cicerchi C, Roncal-Jimenez C, Cantor G, Sorribas V, Rivard C, Berl T. Effects of 2-bromoethanamine on TonEBP expression and its possible role in induction of renal papillary necrosis in mice. Toxical Sci, 2010 Sept 7. (Epub ahead of print).
  • Berl T and Schrier RW: Disorders of Water Balance. Renal, Chapter 1. Renal and Electrolyte Disorders, 7th Ed. Schrier (ed). Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010.
  • Parikh, C, Berl T. Disorders of water metabolism. In Johnson R, Feehally J, Floege J (eds): Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 4th Edition. London, Mosby Int, 2010.
  • Berl T, Rastegar A. A patient with severe hyponatremia and hypokalemia: Osmotic demyelination following potassium repletion. (Electrolyte and acid-base teaching cases.) AJKD. 55:742-748, 2010.
  • J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jan;23(1):131-6. Epub 2011 Oct 27. Pyridorin in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Lewis EJ, Greene T, Spitalewiz S, Blumenthal S, Berl T, Hunsicker LG, Pohl MA, Rohde RD, Raz I, Yerushalmy Y, Yagil Y, Herskovits T, Atkins RC, Reutens AT, Packham DK, Lewis JB; Collaborative Study Group. Source Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA. PMCID: PMC3269925
  • J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jan;23(1):123-30. Epub 2011 Oct 27. Sulodexide fails to demonstrate renoprotection in overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Packham DK, Wolfe R, Reutens AT, Berl T, Heerspink HL, Rohde R, Ivory S, Lewis J, Raz I, Wiegmann TB, Chan JC, de Zeeuw D, Lewis EJ, Atkins RC; Collaborative Study Group. Source Melbourne Renal Research Group, 73-75 Pine Street, Reservoir, Melbourne, Victoria 3073, Australia. dmpackham@netspace.net.au PMCID: PMC3269919
  • Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Oct;6(10):2499-507. Epub 2011 Sep 8. Tolvaptan in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: three years' experience. Higashihara E, Torres VE, Chapman AB, Grantham JJ, Bae K, Watnick TJ, Horie S, Nutahara K, Ouyang J, Krasa HB, Czerwiec FS; TEMPOFormula and 156-05-002 Study Investigators.
  • Am J Kidney Dis. 2011 Nov;58(5):729-36. Epub 2011 Aug 26. Sulodexide for kidney protection in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria: a randomized controlled trial. Lewis EJ, Lewis JB, Greene T, Hunsicker LG, Berl T, Pohl MA, de Zeeuw D, Heerspink HL, Rohde RD, Atkins RC, Reutens AT, Packham DK, Raz I; Collaborative Study Group.
  • Semin Dial. 2011 Jul-Aug;24(4):407-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2011.00899.x. Epub 2011 Jul 29. Is osmotic demyelination a concern dialyzing hyponatremic patients? Sirota JC, Berl T.
  • Eur Heart J. 2011 Jun;32(12):1493-9. Epub 2011 Mar 18. Albuminuria and blood pressure, independent targets for cardioprotective therapy in patients with diabetes and nephropathy: a post hoc analysis of the combined RENAAL and IDNT trials. Holtkamp FA, de Zeeuw D, de Graeff PA, Laverman GD, Berl T, Remuzzi G, Packham D, Lewis JB, Parving HH, Lambers Heerspink HJ. Source Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, The Netherlands.
  • Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 May;164(5):725-32. Epub 2011 Feb 11. Efficacy and safety of oral tolvaptan therapy in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Verbalis JG, Adler S, Schrier RW, Berl T, Zhao Q, Czerwiec FS; SALT Investigators.
  • Kidney Int. 2012 Dec 19. doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.402. [Epub ahead of print] Where vaptans do and do not fit in the treatment of hyponatremia. Jovanovich AJ, Berl T.
  • Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print] An Elderly Patient with Chronic Hyponatremia. Berl T.
  • Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Mar;26 Suppl 1:S7-15. doi: 10.1016/S1521-690X 12)70003-9. Differential diagnosis of hyponatraemia. Thompson C, Berl T, Tejedor A, Johannsson G.
  • Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012 May;8(5):261-3. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2012.65. Mortality and serum sodium in CKD--yet another U-shaped curve. Jovanovich A, Berl T.
  • J Hypertens. 2012 May;30(5):1022-8. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835200f9. An initial reduction in serum uric acid during angiotensin receptor blocker treatment is associated with cardiovascular protection: a post-hoc analysis of the RENAAL and IDNT trials. Smink PA, Bakker SJ, Laverman GD, Berl T, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Lambers Heerspink HJ.
  • J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jan;23(1):131-6. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011030272. Epub 2011 Oct 27. Pyridorin in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Lewis EJ, Greene T, Spitalewiz S, Blumenthal S, Berl T, Hunsicker LG, Pohl MA, Rohde RD, Raz I, Yerushalmy Y, Yagil Y, Herskovits T, Atkins RC, Reutens AT, Packham DK, Lewis JB; Collaborative Study Group.
  • J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jan;23(1):123-30. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011040378. Epub 2011 Oct 27. Sulodexide fails to demonstrate renoprotection in overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Packham DK, Wolfe R, Reutens AT, Berl T, Heerspink HL, Rohde R, Ivory S, Lewis J, Raz I, Wiegmann TB, Chan JC, de Zeeuw D, Lewis EJ, Atkins RC; Collaborative Study Group.
  • Am J Kidney Dis. 2011 Nov;58(5):729-36. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.06.020. Epub 2011 Aug 26. Sulodexide for kidney protection in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria: a randomized controlled trial. Lewis EJ, Lewis JB, Greene T, Hunsicker LG, Berl T, Pohl MA, de Zeeuw D, Heerspink HL, Rohde RD, Atkins RC, Reutens AT, Packham DK, Raz I; Collaborative Study Group.
  • Semin Dial. 2011 Jul-Aug;24(4):407-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2011.00899.x. Epub 2011 Jul 29. Is osmotic demyelination a concern dialyzing hyponatremic patients? Sirota JC, Berl T.
  • Berl T and Thomas J. Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia. In: Nephrology Secrets. Lerma E, Nissenson A ed. Chapter 76. Pg 530 2012
  • Jovanovich AJ, Berl T. Where vaptans do and do not fit in the treatment of hyponatremia. Kidney Int. 2013 Apr;83(4):563-7. PubMed PMID: 23254896
  • Berl T. An elderly patient with chronic hyponatremia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Mar;8(3):469-75. PubMed PMID: 23037983
  • Sirota J and Berl T. Physiology of Water Balance and Pathophysiology of Hyponatremia. In Hyponatremia Simon E Ed. 23-50; 2013
  • Huskey J and Berl T. Normal Water Balance In Clinical Decision Support: Nephrology and Hyper Tension. (www.decisionsupportinmedicine.com) Himmelfarb J, Linas S and Tuttle K.eds
  • Schulman G, Berl T, Beck GJ, Remuzzi G, Ritz E, Arita K, Kato A, Shimizu M. Randomized Placebo-Controlled EPPIC Trials of AST-120 in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 25349205
  • Combs S, Berl T. Dysnatremias in patients with kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014 Feb;63(2):294-303. PubMed PMID: 24239050
  • Parikh C and Berl T Disorders of Water Metabolism in Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology Floege J, Johnson R amd Feehally J eds
  • Berl T and Combs S Water Metabolism in Chronic Kidney DIsease In Chronic Renal Disease Kimmel P and Rosenberg M eds
  • Berl T. Vasopressin Antagonists. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 3;373(10):981. PubMed PMID: 26332561
  • Rondon-Berrios H, Berl T. Mild Chronic Hyponatremia in the Ambulatory Setting: Significance and Management. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Dec 7;10(12):2268-78. PubMed PMID: 26109207
  • Schulman G, Berl T, Beck GJ, Remuzzi G, Ritz E, Arita K, Kato A, Shimizu M. Randomized Placebo-Controlled EPPIC Trials of AST-120 in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Jul;26(7):1732-46. PubMed PMID: 25349205

Professional Memberships

  • American Society of Nephrology, Member
  • American Federation of Clinical Research, Member
  • Western Society for Clinical Research, Member
  • American College of Physicians (ACP), Member
  • International Society of Nephrology, Member
  • American Society for Clinical Investigation, Member
  • Western Association of Physicians, Member
  • Association of American Physicians, Member
  • American Clinical & Climatological Association, Member

Practice Locations

Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center
1055 Clermont St
Denver, CO 80220
1-888-336-8262

UCHealth Anschutz Outpatient Pavilion - Anschutz Medical Campus
1635 Aurora Ct
Aurora, CO 80045
720-848-0000

Hospital Affiliation
  • University of Colorado Hospital
  • Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Specialty Information

Specialties
  • Internal Medicine, Board Certification (1972)
  • Nephrology, Board Certification (1976)
Conditions & Treatments
  • Kidneys and Urinary System - Kidney Failure
  • Kidneys and Urinary System - Kidney Disease
  • Kidneys and Urinary System