Ahmed Gilani, MBBS, PhD

Associate Professor, Pathology


FacultyPhoto
Medical School
  • MBBS, Aga Khan University Medical College (2004)
Graduate School
  • PhD, Columbia University (2014)
Fellowships
  • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Neuropathology (2017)
  • University of Colorado (Children's Hospital Colorado) Program, Pediatric Pathology (2018)
Department
Pathology

Professional Titles

  • Associate Professor

Publications

  • Gilani A, Treece A. Choroidal Ganglioneuronal Hamartoma in Neurofibromatosis Type-1. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2018 Nov 19;55(6):412. PubMed PMID: 30452769
  • Gilani A, Black JO, Weinman JP, Galambos C. Sudden Death Due to Complete Airway Obstruction by Bronchial Casts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep 25. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30252500
  • Adang LA, Frank DB, Gilani A, Takanohashi A, Ulrick N, Collins A, Cross Z, Galambos C, Helman G, Kanaan U, Keller S, Simon D, Sherbini O, Hanna BD, Vanderver AL. Aicardi goutières syndrome is associated with pulmonary hypertension. Mol Genet Metab. 2018 Dec;125(4):351-358. PubMed PMID: 30219631
  • Feng R, Loewenstern J, Aggarwal A, Pawha P, Gilani A, Iloreta AM, Bakst R, Miles B, Bederson J, Costa A, Gupta V, Shrivastava RK. Cerebral Radiation Necrosis: An Analysis of Clinical and Quantitative Imaging and Volumetric Features. World Neurosurg. 2018 Mar;111:e485-e494. PubMed PMID: 29288110
  • Gilani A, Donson A, Davies KD, Whiteway SL, Lake J, DeSisto J, Hoffman L, Foreman NK, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Green AL. Targetable molecular alterations in congenital glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2019 Dec 24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 31875306
  • Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. How frequent is double pathology in Rasmussen encephalitis?. Clin Neuropathol. 2019 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 31854297
  • Green AL, DeSisto J, Flannery P, Lemma R, Knox A, Lemieux M, Sanford B, O'Rourke R, Ramkissoon S, Jones K, Perry J, Hui X, Moroze E, Balakrishnan I, O'Neill AF, Dunn K, DeRyckere D, Danis E, Safadi A, Gilani A, Hubbell-Engler B, Nuss Z, Levy JMM, Serkova N, Venkataraman S, Graham DK, Foreman N, Ligon K, Jones K, Kung AL, Vibhakar R. BPTF regulates growth of adult and pediatric high-grade glioma through the MYC pathway. Oncogene. 2019 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 31844250
  • Lee JC, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Ferris SP, Cham EM, Zucker J, Cooney T, Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Trembath D, Mafra M, Chiang J, Ellison DW, Cho SJ, Horvai AE, Van Ziffle J, Onodera C, Devine P, Grenert JP, de Voijs CMA, van Blokland WTM, de Leng WWJ, Ploegmakers MJ, Flucke U, Pekmezci M, Bollen AW, Tihan T, Koelsche C, von Deimling A, Wesseling P, Solomon DA, Perry A. Clinicopathologic and molecular features of intracranial desmoplastic small round cell tumors. Brain Pathol. 2019 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 31837177
  • Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Denosumab Therapy Obscures Histological Features of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2019 Dec 1;78(12):1171-1173. PubMed PMID: 31665371
  • Lake JA, Donson AM, Prince E, Davies KD, Nellan A, Green AL, Mulcahy Levy J, Dorris K, Vibhakar R, Hankinson TC, Foreman NK, Ewalt MD, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Hoffman LM, Gilani A. Targeted fusion analysis can aid in the classification and treatment of pediatric glioma, ependymoma, and glioneuronal tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020 Jan;67(1):e28028. PubMed PMID: 31595628
  • Jaramillo C, Gilani A, Haag M, Donaldson N, Mack C. Synovial Cell Sarcoma in an Adolescent Liver Transplant Recipient. ACG Case Rep J. 2019 May;6(5):e00091. PubMed PMID: 31616756
  • Gilani A, Hove JLV, Thomas JA, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Distinguishing Encephaloclastic Lesions Resulting From Primary or Secondary Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency From Other Neonatal or Infantile Cavitary Brain Lesions. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2019 Sep 22;:1093526619876448. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 31542992
  • Sloan EA, Chiang J, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Alexandrescu S, Eschbacher JM, Wang W, Mafra M, Ud Din N, Carr-Boyd E, Watson M, Punsoni M, Oviedo A, Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Coss DJ, Lopes MB, Raffel C, Berger MS, Chang S, Reddy A, Ramani B, Ferris SP, Lee JC, Hofmann JW, Cho SJ, Horvai AE, Pekmezci M, Tihan T, Bollen AW, Rodriguez F, Ellison DW, Perry A, Solomon DA. Intracranial mesenchymal tumor with FET-CREB fusion - a unifying diagnosis for the spectrum of intracranial myxoid mesenchymal tumors and angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma-like neoplasms. Brain Pathol. 2020 Nov 3;:e12918. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 33141488
  • Pierce AM, Witt DA, Donson AM, Gilani A, Sanford B, Sill M, Van Court B, Oweida A, Prince EW, Steiner J, Danis E, Dorris K, Hankinson T, Handler MH, Jones KL, Karam SD, Serkova NJ, Vibhakar R, Foreman NK, Griesinger AM. Establishment of patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model of 1q posterior fossa group A ependymoma. Neuro Oncol. 2019 Dec 17;21(12):1540-1551. PubMed PMID: 31276586
  • Balakrishnan I, Danis E, Pierce A, Madhavan K, Wang D, Dahl N, Sanford B, Birks DK, Davidson N, Metselaar DS, Meel MH, Lemma R, Donson A, Vijmasi T, Katagi H, Sola I, Fosmire S, Alimova I, Steiner J, Gilani A, Hulleman E, Serkova NJ, Hashizume R, Hawkins C, Carcaboso AM, Gupta N, Monje M, Jabado N, Jones K, Foreman N, Green A, Vibhakar R, Venkataraman S. Senescence Induced by BMI1 Inhibition Is a Therapeutic Vulnerability in H3K27M-Mutant DIPG. Cell Rep. 2020 Oct 20;33(3):108286. PubMed PMID: 33086074
  • Gillen AE, Riemondy KA, Amani V, Griesinger AM, Gilani A, Venkataraman S, Madhavan K, Prince E, Sanford B, Hankinson TC, Handler MH, Vibhakar R, Jones KL, Mitra S, Hesselberth JR, Foreman NK, Donson AM. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Childhood Ependymoma Reveals Neoplastic Cell Subpopulations That Impact Molecular Classification and Etiology. Cell Rep. 2020 Aug 11;32(6):108023. PubMed PMID: 32783945
  • Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Morphological diversity in H3G34-mutant high-grade gliomas: Ganglionic and epithelioid features. Clin Neuropathol. 2021 Jan-Feb;40(1):4-10. PubMed PMID: 32631482
  • Lucas CG, Gilani A, Solomon DA, Liang X, Maher OM, Chamyan G, Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Perry A. ALK-positive histiocytosis with KIF5B-ALK fusion in the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 2019 Aug;138(2):335-337. PubMed PMID: 31119374
  • Whiteway SL, Betts AM, O'Neil ER, Green AL, Gilani A, Orr BA, Mathis DA. Oncogenic GOPC-ROS1 Fusion Identified in a Congenital Glioblastoma Case. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2020 Nov;42(8):e813-e818. PubMed PMID: 31929384
  • Green AL, DeSisto J, Flannery P, Lemma R, Knox A, Lemieux M, Sanford B, O'Rourke R, Ramkissoon S, Jones K, Perry J, Hui X, Moroze E, Balakrishnan I, O'Neill AF, Dunn K, DeRyckere D, Danis E, Safadi A, Gilani A, Hubbell-Engler B, Nuss Z, Levy JMM, Serkova N, Venkataraman S, Graham DK, Foreman N, Ligon K, Jones K, Kung AL, Vibhakar R. Correction: BPTF regulates growth of adult and pediatric high-grade glioma through the MYC pathway. Oncogene. 2020 Mar;39(12):2641. PubMed PMID: 31969682
  • Dahl NA, Danis E, Balakrishnan I, Wang D, Pierce A, Walker FM, Gilani A, Serkova NJ, Madhavan K, Fosmire S, Green AL, Foreman NK, Venkataraman S, Vibhakar R. Super Elongation Complex as a Targetable Dependency in Diffuse Midline Glioma. Cell Rep. 2020 Apr 7;31(1):107485. PubMed PMID: 32268092
  • Green AL, DeSisto J, Flannery P, Lemma R, Knox A, Lemieux M, Sanford B, O'Rourke R, Ramkissoon S, Jones K, Perry J, Hui X, Moroze E, Balakrishnan I, O'Neill AF, Dunn K, DeRyckere D, Danis E, Safadi A, Gilani A, Hubbell-Engler B, Nuss Z, Levy JMM, Serkova N, Venkataraman S, Graham DK, Foreman N, Ligon K, Jones K, Kung AL, Vibhakar R. BPTF regulates growth of adult and pediatric high-grade glioma through the MYC pathway. Oncogene. 2020 Mar;39(11):2305-2327. PubMed PMID: 31844250
  • Gilani A, Donson A, Davies KD, Whiteway SL, Lake J, DeSisto J, Hoffman L, Foreman NK, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Green AL. Targetable molecular alterations in congenital glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2020 Jan;146(2):247-252. PubMed PMID: 31875306
  • Lake JA, Donson AM, Prince E, Davies KD, Nellan A, Green AL, Mulcahy Levy J, Dorris K, Vibhakar R, Hankinson TC, Foreman NK, Ewalt MD, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Hoffman LM, Gilani A. Targeted fusion analysis can aid in the classification and treatment of pediatric glioma, ependymoma, and glioneuronal tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020 Jan;67(1):e28028. PubMed PMID: 31595628
  • Lee JC, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Ferris SP, Cham EM, Zucker J, Cooney T, Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Trembath D, Mafra M, Chiang J, Ellison DW, Cho SJ, Horvai AE, Van Ziffle J, Onodera C, Devine P, Grenert JP, de Voijs CMA, van Blokland WTM, de Leng WWJ, Ploegmakers MJ, Flucke U, Pekmezci M, Bollen AW, Tihan T, Koelsche C, von Deimling A, Wesseling P, Solomon DA, Perry A. Clinicopathologic and molecular features of intracranial desmoplastic small round cell tumors. Brain Pathol. 2020 Mar;30(2):213-225. PubMed PMID: 31837177
  • Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. How frequent is double pathology in Rasmussen encephalitis?. Clin Neuropathol. 2020 Mar Apr;39(2):55-63. PubMed PMID: 31854297
  • Whelan R, Prince E, Gilani A, Hankinson T. The Inflammatory Milieu of Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma and Its Implications for Treatment. J Clin Med. 2020 Feb 14;9(2). PubMed PMID: 32075140
  • Bhatia S, Bukkapatnam S, Van Court B, Phan A, Oweida A, Gadwa J, Mueller AC, Piper M, Darragh L, Nguyen D, Gilani A, Knitz M, Bickett T, Green A, Venkataraman S, Vibhakar R, Cittelly D, Karam SD. The effects of ephrinB2 signaling on proliferation and invasion in glioblastoma multiforme. Mol Carcinog. 2020 Sep;59(9):1064-1075. PubMed PMID: 32567728
  • Gilani A, Adang LA, Vanderver A, Collins A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Neuropathological Findings in a Case of IFIH1 -Related Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2019 Nov-Dec;22(6):566-570. PubMed PMID: 30952201
  • Nellan A, Bodlak A, Mirsky DM, Mulcahy Levy J, Garrington TP, Foreman NK, Gilani A, Hayashi M. ddPCR Analysis Reveals BRAF V600E Mutations Are Infrequent in Isolated Pituitary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Patients. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2020 Dec 4;79(12):1313-1319. PubMed PMID: 32930721
  • Gilani A, Black JO, Weinman JP, Galambos C. Sudden Death due to Complete Airway Obstruction by Bronchial Casts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Feb 1;199(3):380. PubMed PMID: 30252500
  • Lind KT, Chatwin HV, DeSisto J, Coleman P, Sanford B, Donson AM, Davies KD, Willard N, Ewing CA, Knox AJ, Mulcahy Levy JM, Gilani A, Green AL. Novel RAF Fusions in Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas Demonstrate MAPK Pathway Activation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2021 Dec 29;80(12):1099-1107. PubMed PMID: 34850053
  • Sloan EA, Gupta R, Koelsche C, Chiang J, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Alexandrescu S, Eschbacher JM, Wang W, Mafra M, Ud Din N, Carr-Boyd E, Watson M, Punsoni M, Oviedo A, Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Coss DJ, Lopes MB, Reddy A, Mueller S, Cho SJ, Horvai AE, Lee JC, Pekmezci M, Tihan T, Bollen AW, Rodriguez FJ, Ellison DW, Perry A, von Deimling A, Chang SM, Berger MS, Solomon DA. Intracranial mesenchymal tumors with FET-CREB fusion are composed of at least two epigenetic subgroups distinct from meningioma and extracranial sarcomas. Brain Pathol. 2021 Nov 25;:e13037. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 34821426
  • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Chiang J, Donson AM, Borges T, Gilani A. Myxoid glioneuronal tumor, PDGFRA p.K385L-mutant, arising in midbrain tectum with multifocal CSF dissemination. Brain Pathol. 2022 Jan;32(1):e13008. PubMed PMID: 34297434
  • Dahl NA, Donson AM, Sanford B, Wang D, Walker FM, Gilani A, Foreman NK, Tinkle CL, Baker SJ, Hoffman LM, Venkataraman S, Vibhakar R. NTRK Fusions Can Co-Occur With H3K27M Mutations and May Define Druggable Subclones Within Diffuse Midline Gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2021 Mar 22;80(4):345-353. PubMed PMID: 33749791
  • Gilani A, Davies KD, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Can adult IDH -wildtype glioblastomas with FGFR3:TACC3 fusions be reliably predicted by histological features?. Clin Neuropathol. 2021 May-Jun;40(3):165-167. PubMed PMID: 33769273
  • Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Morphological diversity in H3G34-mutant high-grade gliomas: Ganglionic and epithelioid features. Clin Neuropathol. 2021 Jan-Feb;40(1):4-10. PubMed PMID: 32631482
  • Gilani A, Lee JC, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Innumerable Meningiomas Arising in a Patient With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Decades After Radiation Therapy. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2021 Sep-Oct;24(5):471-477. PubMed PMID: 33826429
  • Gupta R, Lucas CG, Wu J, Barreto J, Shah K, Simon IB, Casavilca-Zambrano S, Brathwaite C, Zhou H, Caccamo D, Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Lee JC, Perry A, Clarke JL, Chang SM, Berger MS, Solomon DA. Low-grade glioneuronal tumors with FGFR2 fusion resolve into a single epigenetic group corresponding to 'Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young'. Acta Neuropathol. 2021 Sep;142(3):595-599. PubMed PMID: 34322742
  • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Gilani A. Secondary parenchymal CNS involvement by lymphoma including rare types: Follicular and EBV-positive NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2021 Aug;53:151765. PubMed PMID: 34147846
  • Sloan EA, Chiang J, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Alexandrescu S, Eschbacher JM, Wang W, Mafra M, Ud Din N, Carr-Boyd E, Watson M, Punsoni M, Oviedo A, Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Coss DJ, Lopes MB, Raffel C, Berger MS, Chang SM, Reddy A, Ramani B, Ferris SP, Lee JC, Hofmann JW, Cho SJ, Horvai AE, Pekmezci M, Tihan T, Bollen AW, Rodriguez FJ, Ellison DW, Perry A, Solomon DA. Intracranial mesenchymal tumor with FET-CREB fusion-A unifying diagnosis for the spectrum of intracranial myxoid mesenchymal tumors and angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma-like neoplasms. Brain Pathol. 2021 Jul;31(4):e12918. PubMed PMID: 33141488
  • Bardill J, Gilani A, Laughter MR, Mirsky D, O'Neill B, Park D, Marwan AI. Preliminary Results of a Reverse Thermal Gel Patch for Fetal Ovine Myelomeningocele Repair. J Surg Res. 2022 Feb;270:113-123. PubMed PMID: 34655937
  • Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Histopathologic features of nasal glial heterotopia (nasal glioma). Childs Nerv Syst. 2022 Jan;38(1):63-75. PubMed PMID: 34562130
  • Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Childhood Small-Vessel Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: Overlap With MOG-Associated Disease. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2022 Nov 15;:10935266221121445. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 36377607
  • Gilani A, Siddiq Z, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Temporal lobe myxoid glioneuronal tumor, PDGFRA p.K385L-mutant with DNA methylation confirmation. Brain Pathol. 2022 Sep;32(5):e13079. PubMed PMID: 35562106
  • Sloan EA, Gupta R, Koelsche C, Chiang J, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Alexandrescu S, Eschbacher JM, Wang W, Mafra M, Ud Din N, Carr-Boyd E, Watson M, Punsoni M, Oviedo A, Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Coss DJ, Lopes MB, Reddy A, Mueller S, Cho SJ, Horvai AE, Lee JC, Pekmezci M, Tihan T, Bollen AW, Rodriguez FJ, Ellison DW, Perry A, von Deimling A, Chang SM, Berger MS, Solomon DA. Intracranial mesenchymal tumors with FET-CREB fusion are composed of at least two epigenetic subgroups distinct from meningioma and extracranial sarcomas. Brain Pathol. 2022 Jul;32(4):e13037. PubMed PMID: 34821426
  • Norris GA, Willard N, Donson AM, Gaskell A, Milgrom SA, O'Neill BR, Nijmeh H, Haag M, Gilani A, Foreman NK, Dahl NA. PDGFB:APOBEC3C fusion in congenital diffuse high-grade glioma of the brainstem. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2022 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 36440550
  • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Chiang J, Donson AM, Borges T, Gilani A. Myxoid glioneuronal tumor, PDGFRA p.K385L-mutant, arising in midbrain tectum with multifocal CSF dissemination. Brain Pathol. 2022 Jan;32(1):e13008. PubMed PMID: 34297434
  • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Gilani A. Extra-CNS and dural metastases in FGFR3::TACC3 fusion adult glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. Neurooncol Pract. 2022 Oct;9(5):449-455. PubMed PMID: 36134017
  • Bardill J, Gilani A, Laughter MR, Mirsky D, O'Neill B, Park D, Marwan AI. Preliminary Results of a Reverse Thermal Gel Patch for Fetal Ovine Myelomeningocele Repair. J Surg Res. 2022 Feb;270:113-123. PubMed PMID: 34655937
  • Mudie LI, Echalier EL, Powers MA, Gilani A, Larochelle RD, Oliver SCN, Liao SD. An intraocular solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma with extrascleral extension: Case report and review of literature. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2022 Jun;26:101513. PubMed PMID: 35469131
  • Hart M, Anderson-Mellies A, Beltrami A, Gilani A, Green AL. Population-based analysis of CNS tumor diagnoses, treatment, and survival in congenital and infant age groups. J Neurooncol. 2022 Apr;157(2):333-344. PubMed PMID: 35175546
  • Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Histopathologic features of nasal glial heterotopia (nasal glioma). Childs Nerv Syst. 2022 Jan;38(1):63-75. PubMed PMID: 34562130
  • Gilani A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Histological and neuroimaging comparison of SMART syndrome versus focal neuronal gigantism. Clin Neuropathol. 2023 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 38085092
  • Shakir M, Altaf A, Hussain H, Abidi SMA, Petitt Z, Tariq M, Gilani A, Enam SA. Unveiling the potential application of intraoperative brain smear for brain tumor diagnosis in low-middle-income countries: A comprehensive systematic review. Surg Neurol Int. 2023;14:325. PubMed PMID: 37810296
  • Amani V, Riemondy KA, Fu R, Griesinger AM, Grimaldo E, De Sousa GR, Gilani A, Hemenway M, Foreman NK, Donson AM, Willard N. Integration of single-nuclei RNA-sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and histochemistry defines the complex microenvironment of NF1-associated plexiform neurofibromas. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2023 Sep 28;11(1):158. PubMed PMID: 37770931
  • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Gilani A. Some CNS sarcomas seen: A 22-year series. Clin Neuropathol. 2023 Mar-Apr;42(2):54-65. PubMed PMID: 36708209
  • Gilani A, Siddiq Z, Kissell E, Kasson J, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Genomic and epigenomic re-categorization of congenital glioblastoma and desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023 Jul;39(7):1861-1868. PubMed PMID: 36707425
  • Knox AJ, Van Court B, Oweida A, Barsh E, DeSisto J, Flannery P, Lemma R, Chatwin H, Vibhakar R, Dorris K, Serkova NJ, Karam SD, Gilani A, Green AL. A novel preclinical model of craniospinal irradiation in pediatric diffuse midline glioma demonstrates decreased metastatic disease. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1105395. PubMed PMID: 37124531

Practice Locations

Children's Hospital Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
13123 East 16th Ave
Aurora, CO 80045
720-777-1234

Hospital Affiliation
  • University of Colorado Hospital
  • Children's Hospital Colorado

Specialty Information

Specialties
  • Neuropathology, Board Certification (2018)
  • Pediatric Pathology, Board Certification (2018)