Wilbur Franklin, MD

Publications

• 210) Franklin, W. A.; Haney, J.; Sugita, M.; Bemis, L.; Jimeno, A., and Messersmith, W. A. KRAS mutation: comparison of testing methods and tissue sampling techniques in colon cancer. J Mol Diagn. 2010 Jan; 12(1):43-50.
• 210) Franklin, W. A.; Haney, J.; Sugita, M.; Bemis, L.; Jimeno, A., and Messersmith, W. A. KRAS mutation: comparison of testing methods and tissue sampling techniques in colon cancer. J Mol Diagn. 2010 Jan; 12(1):43-50.
• 211) Cappuzzo, F.; Tallini, G.; Finocchiaro, G.; Wilson, R. S.; Ligorio, C.; Giordano, L.; Toschi, L.; Incarbone, M.; Cavina, R.; Terracciano, L.; Roncalli, M.; Alloisio, M.; Varella-Garcia, M.; Franklin, W. A., and Santoro, A. Insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R) expression and survival in surgically resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Ann Oncol. 2010 Mar; 21(3):562-7.
• 212) Varella-Garcia, M.; Schulte, A. P.; Wolf, H. J.; Feser, W. J.; Zeng, C.; Braudrick, S.; Yin, X.; Hirsch, F. R.; Kennedy, T. C.; Keith, R. L.; Baron, A. E.; Belinsky, S. A.; Miller, Y. E.; Byers, T., and Franklin, W. A. The detection of chromosomal aneusomy by fluorescence in situ hybridization in sputum predicts lung cancer incidence. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa). 2010 Apr; 3(4):447-53.
• 213) Pisters, K. M.; Vallieres, E.; Crowley, J. J.; Franklin, W. A.; Bunn, P. A. Jr; Ginsberg, R. J.; Putnam, J. B. Jr; Chansky, K., and Gandara, D. Surgery with or without preoperative paclitaxel and carboplatin in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: Southwest Oncology Group Trial S9900, an intergroup, randomized, phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Apr 10; 28(11):1843-9.
• 214) Thorgeirsson, T. E.; Gudbjartsson, D. F.; Surakka, I.; Vink, J. M.; Amin, N.; Geller, F.; Sulem, P.; Rafnar, T.; Esko, T.; Walter, S.; Gieger, C.; Rawal, R.; Mangino, M.; Prokopenko, I.; Magi, R.; Keskitalo, K.; Gudjonsdottir, I. H.; Gretarsdottir, S.; Stefansson, H.; Thompson, J. R.; Aulchenko, Y. S.; Nelis, M.; Aben, K. K.; den Heijer, M.; Dirksen, A.; Ashraf, H.; Soranzo, N.; Valdes, A. M.; Steves, C.; Uitterlinden, A. G.; Hofman, A.; Tonjes, A.; Kovacs, P.; Hottenga, J. J.; Willemsen, G.; Vogelzangs, N.; Doring, A.; Dahmen, N.; Nitz, B.; Pergadia, M. L.; Saez, B.; De Diego, V.; Lezcano, V.; Garcia-Prats, M. D.; Ripatti, S.; Perola, M.; Kettunen, J.; Hartikainen, A. L.; Pouta, A.; Laitinen, J.; Isohanni, M.; Huei-Yi, S.; Allen, M.; Krestyaninova, M.; Hall, A. S.; Jones, G. T.; van Rij, A. M.; Mueller, T.; Dieplinger, B.; Haltmayer, M.; Jonsson, S.; Matthiasson, S. E.; Oskarsson, H.; Tyrfingsson, T.; Kiemeney, L. A.; Mayordomo, J. I.; Lindholt, J. S.; Pedersen, J. H.; Franklin, W. A.; Wolf, H.; Montgomery, G. W.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G.; Madden, P. A.; Giegling, I.; Rujescu, D.; Jarvelin, M. R.; Salomaa, V.; Stumvoll, M.; Spector, T. D.; Wichmann, H. E.; Metspalu, A.; Samani, N. J.; Penninx, B. W.; Oostra, B. A.; Boomsma, D. I.; Tiemeier, H.; van Duijn, C. M.; Kaprio, J.; Gulcher, J. R.; McCarthy, M. I.; Peltonen, L.; Thorsteinsdottir, U., and Stefansson, K. Sequence variants at CHRNB3-CHRNA6 and CYP2A6 affect smoking behavior. Nat Genet. 2010 May; 42(5):448-53. Notes: CORPORATE NAME: ENGAGE Consortium
• 215) Garfield, D. H. and Franklin, W. Dramatic response to pemetrexed in a patient with pneumonic-type mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Feb; 6(2):397-8.
• 216) Rafnar, T.; Sulem, P.; Besenbacher, S.; Gudbjartsson, D. F.; Zanon, C.; Gudmundsson, J.; Stacey, S. N.; Kostic, J. P.; Thorgeirsson, T. E.; Thorleifsson, G.; Bjarnason, H.; Skuladottir, H.; Gudbjartsson, T.; Isaksson, H. J.; Isla, D.; Murillo, L.; Garcia-Prats, M. D.; Panadero, A.; Aben, K. K.; Vermeulen, S. H.; van der Heijden, H. F.; Feser, W. J.; Miller, Y. E.; Bunn, P. A.; Kong, A.; Wolf, H. J.; Franklin, W. A.; Mayordomo, J. I.; Kiemeney, L. A.; Jonsson, S.; Thorsteinsdottir, U., and Stefansson, K. Genome-Wide Significant Association Between a Sequence Variant at 15q15.2 and Lung Cancer Risk. Cancer Res. 2011 Feb 15; 71(4):1356-1361.
• Villaruz LC, Socinski MA, Abberbock S, Berry LD, Johnson BE, Kwiatkowski DJ, Iafrate AJ, Varella-Garcia M, Franklin WA, Camidge DR, Sequist LV, Haura EB, Ladanyi M, Kurland BF, Kugler K, Minna JD, Bunn PA, Kris MG. Clinicopathologic features and outcomes of patients with lung adenocarcinomas harboring BRAF mutations in the Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium. Cancer. 2015 Feb 1;121(3):448-56. PubMed PMID: 25273224
• Mehan MR, Williams SA, Siegfried JM, Bigbee WL, Weissfeld JL, Wilson DO, Pass HI, Rom WN, Muley T, Meister M, Franklin W, Miller YE, Brody EN, Ostroff RM. Validation of a blood protein signature for non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Proteomics. 2014;11(1):32. PubMed PMID: 25114662
• Tanaka, Y.; Terai, Y.; Tanabe, A.; Sasaki, H.; Sekijima, T.; Fujiwara, S.; Yamashita, Y.; Kanemura, M.; Ueda, M.; Sugita, M.; Franklin, W. A., and Ohmichi, M. Prognostic effect of epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations and the aberrant phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2011 Jan 13; 11(1):50-7.
• 218) Travis, W. D.; Brambilla, E.; Noguchi, M.; Nicholson, A. G.; Geisinger, K. R.; Yatabe, Y.; Beer, D. G.; Powell, C. A.; Riely, G. J.; Van Schil, P. E.; Garg, K.; Austin, J. H.; Asamura, H.; Rusch, V. W.; Hirsch, F. R.; Scagliotti, G.; Mitsudomi, T.; Huber, R. M.; Ishikawa, Y.; Jett, J.; Sanchez-Cespedes, M.; Sculier, J. P.; Takahashi, T.; Tsuboi, M.; Vansteenkiste, J.; Wistuba, I.; Yang, P. C.; Aberle, D.; Brambilla, C.; Flieder, D.; Franklin, W.; Gazdar, A.; Gould, M.; Hasleton, P.; Henderson, D.; Johnson, B.; Johnson, D.; Kerr, K.; Kuriyama, K.; Lee, J. S.; Miller, V. A.; Petersen, I.; Roggli, V.; Rosell, R.; Saijo, N.; Thunnissen, E.; Tsao, M., and Yankelewitz, D. International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Feb; 6(2):244-85.
• Kris MG, Johnson BE, Berry LD, Kwiatkowski DJ, Iafrate AJ, Wistuba II, Varella-Garcia M, Franklin WA, Aronson SL, Su PF, Shyr Y, Camidge DR, Sequist LV, Glisson BS, Khuri FR, Garon EB, Pao W, Rudin C, Schiller J, Haura EB, Socinski M, Shirai K, Chen H, Giaccone G, Ladanyi M, Kugler K, Minna JD, Bunn PA. Using multiplexed assays of oncogenic drivers in lung cancers to select targeted drugs. JAMA. 2014 May 21;311(19):1998-2006. PubMed PMID: 24846037
• 219) Ostroff, R. M.; Bigbee, W. L.; Franklin, W.; Gold, L.; Mehan, M.; Miller, Y. E.; Pass, H. I.; Rom, W. N.; Siegfried, J. M.; Stewart, A.; Walker, J. J.; Weissfeld, J. L.; Williams, S.; Zichi, D., and Brody, E. N. Unlocking biomarker discovery: large scale application of aptamer proteomic technology for early detection of lung cancer. PLoS One. 2010; 5(12):e15003.
• 220) Camidge, D. R.; Hirsch, F. R.; Varella-Garcia, M., and Franklin, W. A. Finding ALK-positive lung cancer: what are we really looking for? J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Mar; 6(3):411-3.
• 221) Camidge, D. R.; Kono, S. A.; Lu, X.; Okuyama, S.; Baron, A. E.; Oton, A. B.; Davies, A. M.; Varella-Garcia, M.; Franklin, W., and Doebele, R. C. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer are associated with prolonged progression-free survival on pemetrexed. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Feb 17.
• 222) Symonds, J. M.; Ohm, A. M.; Carter, C. J.; Heasley, L. E.; Boyle, T. A.; Franklin, W. A., and Reyland, M. E. Protein Kinase C {delta} Is a Downstream Effector of Oncogenic K-ras in Lung Tumors. Cancer Res. 2011 Mar 15; 71(6):2087-97.
• Browning ET, Huckleberry JM, Barrow WB, Restauri NL, Kemme DJ, Cool CD, Weyant MJ, Franklin WA, Camidge DR. Downstaging of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Through Identification of Reversible Drug Toxicity. J Clin Oncol. 2014 May 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24799494
• 224) Hirsch FR, Kabbinavar F, Eisen T, Martins R, Schnell FM, Dziadziuszko R, et al. A randomized, phase II, biomarker-selected study comparing erlotinib to erlotinib intercalated with chemotherapy in first-line therapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Onocology. 2011;29(26):3567-73. PubMed: PMC3179254.
• 225) Wilbur A Franklin, Dara L Aisner, and Marileila Varella-Garcia: Prognostic Patterns in the Histopathology of Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma JCO/2011/403964 (in press).
• Nakachi I, Rice JL, Coldren CD, Edwards MG, Stearman RS, Glidewell SC, Varella-Garcia M, Franklin WA, Keith RL, Lewis MT, Gao B, Merrick DT, Miller YE, Geraci MW. Application of SNP microarrays to the genome-wide analysis of chromosomal instability in premalignant airway lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2014 Feb;7(2):255-65. PubMed PMID: 24346345
• 223) Weickhardt A, Doebele R, Oton A, Lettieri J, Maxson D, Reynolds M, et al. A phase I/II study of erlotinib in combination with the anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor monoclonal antibody IMC-A12 (cixutumumab) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. 2012;7(2):419-26. PubMed PMID: 22237261.
• 165) Vanderbilt CM, Daniel T. Merrick DT, Franklin WA, Aisner DL: Molecular testing is a valuable adjunct for distinguishing second primary tumors of lung from intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary metastases, (2015) 144 (suppl 2): A244 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/144.suppl2.244 First published online: 1 October 2015
• 166) Mann P, Sheren PJ, Merrick DT, Franklin WA, Varella-Garcia M, Jones KL, Aisner DL: Evaluation of a Next-Generation Sequencing Copy Number Variation Algorithm as an Initial Screen for the Detection of Target Gene Amplification in a Clinical Laboratory Setting. J. Molecular Diagnostics 17:708, Abst I08, 2015
• 167) Vanderbilt CM, Jones KL, Geraci M, Gao B, Franklin WA: Next-generation whole exome sequencing of archival lung cancer resection specimens: evaluating mutation load and use of tissue coring. J. Molecular Diagnostics 17:819, Abst ST30, 2015.
• 168) Merrick DT, Donald EJ, Olson D, Okeefe MC, Edwards MG, Franklin WA, Dwyer-Nield L, Orlicky D, Keith RL, Miller YE, Tennis M, Barón AE, Lu X, Van Bokhoven A, Malinowski H, Bunn PA, Geraci MW, Nemenoff R: Role of inflammatory infiltrates in promoting persistence or regression of bronchial dysplasia. J Thor Oncol 10:S218, 2015.
• 226) Malkoski SP, Haeger SM, Cleaver TG, Rodriguez KJ, Li H, Lu SL, et al. Loss of transforming growth factor beta type II receptor increases aggressive tumor behavior and reduces survival in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research, 2012 (in press). PubMed PMID: 22399565.
• 227) Wistuba, I.; Behrens, C.; MD, Woods, D.M.; Lin, H.; Suraokar, M. Kadara, H,; Hofstetter, W.; Kalhor, N.; Lee, J. J.; Franklin, W.; Stewart, D.J. High Expression of Folate Receptor Alpha in Lung Cancer Correlates with Adenocarcinoma Histology and EGFR Mutation. JTO-D-11-00764R1 (in press)
• 19) Franklin WA, Noguchi M, Gonzalez A: Molecular and cellular pathology of lung cancer. In: Lung Cancer Principles and Practice, 3rd ed. Pass HI, Carbone DP, Johnson DH, Minna JD, Terrisi AT, eds. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 19106, pp287-324, 2010.
• 20) Aisner D., Doeble R., Garcia M., Franklin W.: Molecular Pathology in Clinical Practice: Oncology. 2nd Edition, Leonard, Debra G. B. ed., submitted, 2012
• 21) Franklin WA, Aisner D, Varella Garcia et al.: Pathology, Biomarkers, and Molecular Diagnostics. In: Doroshow, J., Abeloff’s Clinical Oncology, in preparation, 2012
• 169) Keith RL, Blatchford PJ, Jackson MK, Franklin WA, Bunn PA, Bagwell B, Merrick DT, Miller YE Pioglitazone for the chemoprevention of lung cancer. J Thor Oncol 10:S218, 2015.
• Franklin WA, M.D., Aisner DL, Post MD, Bunn PA, Varella Garcia M. Pathology, Biomarkers and Molecular Diagnostics in Abeloff's Clinical Oncology, 5th edition, Doroshow JH, Niederhuber J, Schlom K, eds., 2013 (in press).
• 170) Franklin WA, Merrick DT, Achcar RD, Aberle DR: Reclassification of lung cancers detected by CT imaging in the American College of Radiology Imaging Network National Lung Screening Trial. J Thor Oncol 10:S220, 2015.
• Serracino HS, Franklin WA, Aisner DL. Molecular Pathology of Non-Small cell Lung Cancer. Hunt JL and Goldbloom JR, eds. Surgical Pathology Clinics: Molecular Oncology, 5 (4), 903-919, 2012.
• Aisner D., Doeble R., Garcia M., Franklin W.: Molecular Pathology in Clinical Practice: Oncology. 2nd Edition, Leonard, Debra G. B. ed., in press, 2013
• Doebele RC, Lu X, Sumey C, Maxson DA, Weickhardt AJ, Oton AB, Bunn PA, Jr., Baron AE, Franklin WA, Aisner DL, Varella-Garcia M, Camidge DR: Oncogene status predicts patterns of metastatic spread in treatment-naive nonsmall cell lung cancer, Cancer
• Doebele RC, Pilling AB, Aisner DL, Kutateladze TG, Le AT, Weickhardt AJ, Kondo KL, Linderman DJ, Heasley LE, Franklin WA, Varella-Garcia M, Camidge DR: Mechanisms of resistance to crizotinib in patients with ALK gene rearranged non-small cell lung cancer, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2012, 18:1472-1482
• 171) Kwon JB, Nakachi I, Keith RL, Merrick DT, Edwards M, Leach S, Franklin WA, Miller YE, Ghosh M: A New Preclinical model of airway progenitor cells to identify responders to iloprost-mediated chemoprevention. J Thor Oncol 10:S301, 2015.
• 172) Barón AE1, Kako S, Feser WJ, Merrick DT, Garg K, Malkoski S, Pretzel S, Byers T, Siegfried JM,. Franklin WA, Miller YE, Wolf HJ, Varella-Garcia M: Clinical utility of chromosomal aneusomy in high risk individuals. J Thor Oncol 10:S304, 2015.
• 173) Ostroff R, Delisle K, Franklin WA, Gold L, Merrick DT, Williams S, Miller YE: A new approach to large scale proteomic profiling to uncover tumor phenotypes. J Thor Oncol 10:S343, 2015.
• 174) Nakachi I, Stearman RS, Edwards M, Franklin WA, Rice JL, Tan A-C, Kim J, Yoo M, Fujisawa A, Betsuyaku T, Soejima L, Miller YE, Geraci MW: Subtraction of allelic fractions (delta-?): a sensitive metric to detect chromosomal alterations in heterogeneous premalignant specimens. J Thor Oncol 10:S347, 2015.
• 175) Franklin WA, Nicholson AG, Torkko K, Travis WD, Detterbeck F: Pilot internet survey of interobserver variability in pathology diagnoses of multiple tumor nodules. J Thor Oncol 10:S455, 2015.
• 176) Nakajima E, Sugita M, Furukawa K, Miura H, Takahashi J, Ikeda H, Hirsch FR, Franklin WA: Minority Exon 19 Deletions Also Have Major Response of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thor Oncol 10:S483, 2015.
• 177) Vanderbilt CM, Jones K, Geraci MW, Gao B, Mitchell J, Weyant M, Franklin WA: Next generation exome sequencing of archival lung cancer resection specimens. J Thor Oncol 10:S706, 2015.
• Franklin WA, Aisner DL, Varella-Garcia M: Prognostic patterns in the histopathology of pulmonary adenocarcinoma, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2012, 30:1401-1403
• Leng S, Do K, Yingling CM, Picchi MA, Wolf HJ, Kennedy TC, Feser WJ, Baron AE, Franklin WA, Brock MV, Herman JG, Baylin SB, Byers T, Stidley CA, Belinsky SA: Defining a gene promoter methylation signature in sputum for lung cancer risk assessment, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2012, 18:3387-3395
• Linger RM, Cohen RA, Cummings CT, Sather S, Migdall-Wilson J, Middleton DH, Lu X, Baron AE, Franklin WA, Merrick DT, Jedlicka P, Deryckere D, Heasley LE, Graham DK: Mer or Axl receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition promotes apoptosis, blocks growth and enhances chemosensitivity of human non-small cell lung cancer, Oncogene
• Malkoski SP, Haeger SM, Cleaver TG, Rodriguez KJ, Li H, Lu SL, Feser WJ, Baron AE, Merrick D, Lighthall JG, Ijichi H, Franklin W, Wang XJ: Loss of transforming growth factor beta type II receptor increases aggressive tumor behavior and reduces survival in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2012, 18:2173-2183
• Nunez MI, Behrens C, Woods DM, Lin H, Suraokar M, Kadara H, Hofstetter W, Kalhor N, Lee JJ, Franklin W, Stewart DJ, Wistuba, II: High expression of folate receptor alpha in lung cancer correlates with adenocarcinoma histology and mutation, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer 2012, 7:833-840
• Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, Nicholson A, Geisinger K, Yatabe Y, Ishikawa Y, Wistuba I, Flieder DB, Franklin W, Gazdar A, Hasleton PS, Henderson DW, Kerr KM, Nakatani Y, Petersen I, Roggli V, Thunnissen E, Tsao M: Diagnosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma in Resected Specimens: Implications of the 2011 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Lung Classification, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2012,
• Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, Nicholson A, Geisinger K, Yatabe Y, et al. Diagnosis of Lung Cancer in Small Biopsies and Cytology: Implications of the 2011 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Classification. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine. 2012. Epub 2012/09/14. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0263-RA. PubMed PMID: 22970842.
• Weickhardt AJ, Aisner DL, Franklin WA, Varella-Garcia M, Doebele RC, Camidge DR. Diagnostic assays for identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2012. Epub 2013/01/03. doi: 10.1002/cncr.27913. PubMed PMID: 23280244.
• Weickhardt A, Doebele R, Oton A, Lettieri J, Maxson D, Reynolds M, et al. A phase I/II study of erlotinib in combination with the anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor monoclonal antibody IMC-A12 (cixutumumab) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. 2012;7(2):419-26. Epub 2012/01/13. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31823c5b11. PubMed PMID: 22237261; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3358820.
• Lau DH, Moon J, Davies AM, Sanborn RE, Hirsch FR, Franklin WA, et al. Southwestern Oncology Group Phase II Trial (S0526) of Pemetrexed in Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma Subtypes of Advanced Adenocarcinoma. Clinical lung cancer. 2013. Epub 2013/02/19. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2012.12.004. PubMed PMID: 23415808.
• Mascaux C, Feser WJ, Lewis MT, Baron AE, Coldren CD, Merrick DT, et al. Endobronchial miRNAs as biomarkers in lung cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013;6(2):100-8. Epub 2012/12/28. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0382. PubMed PMID: 23268837.
• Ohashi K, Sequis LV, Arcila ME, Lovly CM, Chen X, Rudin CM, et al. Characteristics of Lung Cancers Harboring NRAS Mutations. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2013. Epub 2013/03/22. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3173. PubMed PMID: 23515407.

Professional Memberships

• American Association for Cancer Research, Member
• American Society for Investigative Pathology, Member
• Association for Molecular Pathology, Member
• Arthur Purdy Stout Society, Member
• Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology, Member
• College of American Pathologists, Member
• Colorado Society for Clinical Pathology, Member
• International Academy of Pathology, Member

Practice Locations

• University of Colorado Hospital

Specialty Information

• Anatomic and Clinical, Board Certification (1972)
• Anatomic, Board Certification
• Pathology, Board Certification

• Cancers - Cancer Prevention
• Cancers - Lung Cancer
• Cancers